Excess chemical potential of thiophene in [C4MIM] [BF4, Cl, Br, CH3COO] ionic liquids, determined by molecular simulations.

The excess chemical potential of thiophene in imidazolium-based ionic liquids [C4mim][BF4], [C4mim][Cl], [C4mim][Br], and [C4mim][CH3COO] were determined by means of molecular dynamics in conjunction with free energy perturbation techniques employing non-polarizable force fields at 300 K and 343.15 K. In addition, energetic and structural analysis were performed such as: interaction energies, averaged noncovalent interactions, radial, and combined distribution functions. The results from this work revealed that the ionic liquids (ILs) presenting the most favorable excess chemical potentials ([C4mim][BF4], [C4mim][CH3COO]) are associated with the strongest energetic interaction between the thiophene molecule and the ionic liquid anion, and with the weakest energetic interaction between the thiophene molecule and the ionic liquid cation.

Los grupos informales y su relación con el rendimiento de las MiPyMES en México / Informal groups and their relationship with the performance of MSMEs in Mexico / Grupos informais e sua relação com a atuação das MPMEs no México

Resumen Introducción: en la actualidad, el liderazgo, la cultura y el clima organizacional que ejercen los grupos informales representan algunos de los factores clave en el rendimiento empresarial de las MiPyMES debido a que fortalece el incremento de la productividad en un mercado altamente competitivo. Objetivo: el propósito de la investigación es identificar la influencia conjunta del liderazgo transformacional, la cultura clan y el clima organizacional que presentan los grupos informales de trabajo sobre el rendimiento empresarial de las MiPyMES de la región del bajío del estado de Guanajuato, México. Materiales y métodos: el diseño metodológico fue cuantitativo, explicativo, observacional y transversal. Se empleó una muestra de 225 participantes. Para la comprobación de hipótesis se desarrolló un modelo de ecuación estructural (SEM). En cuanto a los índices de bondad y ajuste del SEM (χ2=146.10 gl=52; CFI=0.969 y TLI=0.960; RMSEA=.06) fueron absolutamente aceptables. Resultados: de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos a través del SEM, se demuestra que el liderazgo transformacional influye positiva y significativamente sobre el clima organizacional (β1=0.26; p<0.001) como también en la cultura clan (β2=0.81; p<0.001) de los grupos informales. Asimismo, la cultura clan de los grupos informales influye (β3=0.61; p<0.001) positiva y significativamente sobre el clima organizacional. Finalmente, el clima organizacional de los grupos informales influye (β4=0.68; p<0.001) positiva y significativamente sobre el rendimiento empresarial de las MiPyMES. Conclusión: Los grupos informales representan un recurso promueve en el éxito de las MiPyMES y con ello, potencializar el rendimiento del sector empresarial de las MiPyMES en estado de Guanajuato.

Abstract Introduction: At present, the leadership, culture and organizational climate exercised by informal groups represent some of the key factors in the business performance of MSMEs because it strengthens the increase in productivity in a highly competitive market. Objective: the purpose of the research is to identify the joint influence of transformational leadership, clan culture and organizational climate presented by informal work groups on the business performance of MSMEs in the Bajio region of the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. Materials and methods: the methodological design was quantitative, explanatory, observational and transversal. A sample of 225 participants was used. For hypothesis testing, a structural equation model (SEM) was developed. Regarding the goodness and fit indices of the SEM (χ2 = 146.10 gl = 52; CFI = 0.969 and TLI = 0.960; RMSEA = 0.06) they were absolutely acceptable. Results: according to the results obtained through the SEM, it is shown that transformational leadership positively and significantly influences the organizational climate (β1 = 0.26; p <0.001) as well as clan culture (β2 = 0.81; p <0.001) of informal groups. Likewise, the clan culture of informal groups influences (β3 = 0.61; p <0.001) positively and significantly on the organizational climate. Finally, the organizational climate of informal groups has a positive and significant influence (β4 = 0.68; p <0.001) on the business performance of MSMEs. Conclusions: informal groups represent a resource that promotes the success of MSMEs and with it, potentiates the performance of the business sector of MSMEs in the state of Guanajuato.

Resumo Introdução: atualmente, a liderança, a cultura e o clima organizacional exercido pelos grupos informais representam alguns dos fatores-chave no desempenho empresarial das MPMEs, pois fortalecem o aumento da produtividade em um mercado altamente competitivo. Objetivo: o objetivo da pesquisa é identificar a influência conjunta da liderança transformacional, cultura de clã e clima organizacional apresentada por grupos de trabalho informais sobre o desempenho empresarial das MPMEs na região de Bajío, no estado de Guanajuato, México. Materiais e métodos: o desenho metodológico foi quantitativo, explicativo, observacional e transversal. Uma amostra de 225 participantes foi utilizada. Para o teste de hipótese, um modelo de equação estrutural (SEM) foi desenvolvido. Em relação aos índices de bondade e ajuste do SEM (χ2 = 146,10 gl = 52; CFI = 0,969 e TLI = 0,960; RMSEA = 0,06), eles foram absolutamente aceitáveis. Resultados: de acordo com os resultados obtidos por meio do SEM, mostra-se que a liderança transformacional influência positiva e significativamente o clima organizacional (β1 = 0,26; p <0,001) e também a cultura do clã (β2 = 0,81; p <0,001) de grupos informais. Da mesma forma, a cultura de clã dos grupos informais influência (β3 = 0,61; p <0,001) positiva e significativamente no clima organizacional. Por fim, o clima organizacional dos grupos informais influência (β4 = 0,68; p <0,001) de forma positiva e significativa no desempenho empresarial das MPMEs. Conclusões: os grupos informais representam um recurso que promove o sucesso das MPMEs e com isso potencializa a atuação do setor empresarial das MPMEs no estado de Guanajuato.

Thermodynamic, structural and dynamic properties of ionic liquids [C4mim][CF3COO], [C4mim][Br] in the condensed phase, using molecular simulations.

In this work a series of thermodynamic, structural, and dynamical properties for the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoroacetate ([C4mim][CF3COO]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, ([C4mim][Br]) ionic liquids (ILs) were calculated using Non-polarizable Force Fields (FF), parameterized using a methodology developed previously within the research group, for condensed phase applications. Properties such as the Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) curve, critical points (ρ c, T c), Radial, Spatial and Combined Distribution Functions and self-diffusion coefficients were calculated using Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics simulations (EMD); other properties such as shear viscosities and thermal conductivities were calculated using Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics simulations (NEMD). The results obtained in this work indicated that the calculated critical points are comparable with those available in the literature. The calculated structural information for these two ILs indicated that the anions interact mainly with hydrogen atoms from both the imidazolium ring and the methyl chain; the bromide anion displays twice the hydrogen coordination number than the oxygen atoms from the trifluoroacetate anion. Furthermore, Non-Covalent interactions (NCI index), determined by DFT calculations, revealed that some hydrogen bonds in the [C4mim][Br] IL displayed similar strength to those in the [C4mim][CF3COO] IL, in spite of the shorter O--H distances found in the latter IL. The majority of the calculated transport properties presented reasonable agreement with the experimental available data. Nonetheless, the self-diffusion coefficients determined in this work are under-estimated with respect to experimental values; however, by escalating the electrostatic atomic charges for the anion and cation to ±0.8e, only for this property, a remarkable improvement was obtained. Experimental evidence was recovered for most of the calculated properties and to the best of our knowledge, some new predictions were done mainly in thermodynamic states where data are not available. To validate the FF, developed previously within the research group, dynamic properties were also evaluated for a series of ILs such as [C4mim][PF6], [C4mim][BF4], [C4mim][OMs], and [C4mim][NTf2] ILs.

Distribución nerviosa intradiscal en articulaciones temporomandibular humanas mediante técnica de tinción de Sihler: un enfoque cadavérico descriptivo / Nerve distribution in human temporomandibular articular disc using Sihler staining technique: a cadaveric descriptive approach

Introducción: La expresión variable en la sintomatología de los trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM) es un desafío para el clínico; así, el origen del dolor y la estructura comprometida no son fáciles de identificar. El disco articular está directamente vinculado a la función mandibular y, en condiciones patológicas, puede verse alterada su posición y consecuentemente su zona de carga. Si bien la presencia de terminaciones nerviosas y los troncos nerviosos potencialmente involucrados en su inervación han sido identificados, la forma en que los nervios se distribuyen al interior del disco no se ha precisado aún. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la distribución nerviosa del disco articular de la articulación temporomandibular en cadáveres humanos. Material y método: Se realizó disección anatómica de ocho discos articulares de articulaciones temporomandibulares del lado derecho de cadáveres conservados. Los discos articulares fueron sometidos al método de tinción de Sihler y observados bajo lupa estereoscópica y transiluminación. Se realizó fotografía estandarizada y se dividió el disco en 5 zonas (medial, lateral, anterior, posterior, central) caracterizando la distribución nerviosa. Resultados: Se observó presencia de estructuras nerviosas en todas las zonas excepto en la zona central. Las estructuras nerviosas discurren como troncos simples o múltiples en dirección antero-posterior con un número variable de colaterales en las áreas lateral y medial del disco, comunicando la zona retrodiscal con la porción posterior del músculo pterigoideo lateral en todas las muestras. Conclusión: Existe un patrón de inervación común en los discos estudiados. El disco se encuentra inervado en su periferia por troncos nerviosos que presentan un trayecto anteroposterior. La comunicación entre distintas regiones anatómicas por continuidad nerviosa, así como el patrón de inervación del disco, podrían explicar situaciones de dolor local y referido en TTM

Introduction: Variable expression of symptomatology in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is a challenge for clinician, because source of pain is not easy to identify. Articular disc is directly linked to the mandibular function and in pathological conditions can be altered its position and consequelty its zone of load. The aim of this study was to describe the intradiscal nerve distribution of temporomandibular joint disc in human cadavers. Although the presence of sensitive nerve terminals in the disc and the nerve trunks potentially involved have been identified, the way the nerves are distributed inside disc remains unprecised. Material and method: Anatomical dissection of 8 articular discs of the temporomandibular joints on the right side of preserved cadavers was performed. The articular discs were subjected to the Sihler staining method and then observed under a stereoscopic loupe and transillumination, A standardized photograph was perform by arbitrarily dividing the disk into 5 zones (medial, lateral, anterior, posterior, central) and characterized thebnerve distribution. Results: Presence of nerve structures was observed in all areas except the central zone. Nerve structures run as a single or multiple trunk in anterior-posterior direction with a variable number of collateral in lateral and medial areas of disc, comunicating retrodiscal zone and posterior zone of lateral pterigoid muscle in all samples. Conclusion: It can be identified a common inervation pattern in all discs. The disc is innervated in its periphery by nerve trunks that present an anterioriposterior path. The communication between different anatomical regions by nervous continuity, as well as the innervation pattern of the disc, could explain situations of local pain and referred in TMD

Variabilidad de la práctica médica: a 80 años del efecto Glover / Variability of medical practice: at 80 years since the Glover effect

At this moment, it seems to be clear, that the application of the epidemiological logic to the sanitary administration, by one side, to specify which are the diseases or the needs that have a greater importance in a determined population to identify which individuals are at risk situation or with unnoticed requeriments to focuse resources mainly in them, and on the other side, to planify politics at macro level or logistic to supply resources and at level meso or micro through the analysis of the configuratiion of the employement of services or their polinomic terms: patient, providers and mediating organizations. Rarefieds, however a little the atmosphere of the called variability phenomen in the medical practice, prefigurted by Glover in the decade of the 30 th. It has been however a fundational basis the study of Allison Glover on the amigdalectomies in the British school districts, chronologically the first call for attention on the wide variation over the poblational rates of the interventions (Glover 1938), to such an extent that it was coined the concept "Glover effect" to refer to this fact. These facts showd that there was in England and Wale a rate of tonsillectomies between 50% and 70%, and indication 3 times more frequent in children from more accommodated class, a higher incidence in boys than in girls, an age of higher incidence between 5 to 7 years of age, and the absence of correlatively with the so called impersonal facts as accumulation , powerty, deficient dwelling or clime. In our analysis it was proved that in the practice the Glover effect continues producing fullness. These aspects are anayzed in the study

Molecular dynamics simulations of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol (DMEA).

We develop a multipurpose force field to investigate the properties of the condensed phases of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol (DMEA). We use ab initio computations at the HF/6-311++G(2d,2p) level to derive partial charges, obtain force constants, and compute the electrostatic potential of the DMEA. We find that the HF predictions for the dipole moment are in excellent agreement with the experimental result (2.6 D). The computations also show the strong preference of DMEA to form intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen in the alcohol group and nitrogen. We have tested the accuracy of our force field by computing coexistence and interfacial properties as well as thermal conductivities in wide range of thermodynamic states. In all these instances we find excellent agreement with the available experimental data. We have further investigated the structure of the liquid by computing pair correlations. Our results indicate a clear preference for DMEA to form low-dimensional structures, such as linear and bifurcated chains, which are driven by the association of the DMEA molecules via the alcohol group. Overall, our force field provides a good basis to compute the bulk and interfacial properties of DMEA.

Historias del Hospital San Vicente de Paul; Hoy Hospital Clínico José Joaquín Aguirre(Segunda parte) / The history of San Vicente de Paul Hospital, today knows as José Joaquín Aguirre Clinical Hospital (second part)

Los años de aprendizaje de la Medicina de Urgencia, sumados a un curso de Práctica que se hacía en la Posta Central de la Asistencia Pública, de 6 meses, fueron muy fundamentales en los años posteriores, ya de médico, al enfrentarse al desafío frente al enfermo agudo o crónico. Una cosa es saber lo que hay que hacer y otra es tener la experiencia viva del enfermo agudo que necesita una resolución rápida. Haberlo vivido una vez ya nun-ca más se olvida. Doy gracias por toda esa formación en Servicios de Urgencia. Tengo recuerdos muy gratos, de esos tiempos en Asistencia Pública, haciendo este curso Ad-Honorem, que duraba 6 meses, ya recibido de médico. Un día contaré algunas de mis experiencias de vida durante esos turnos. Solo quiero recordar todo lo que aprendí en esa casa central de la Asistencia Pública, en calle San Francisco en su viejo edificio. Seis meses, de intenso trabajo de 6 a 9 PM, horas del mayor número de atenciones y una noche completa hasta las 8 AM del día siguiente cada 5 días. El sexto se estaba libre de 6 a 9 PM. Debo agradecer también que en ese tiempo, yo decidí casarme con mi actual esposa. Aprovechando el día libre, de 6 a 9 PM, la invité al cine. Todo marchó regio, hasta que apagan las luces y comienza la película. Un sueño terrible me invade, producto de la noche anterior, de turno. Y no sé más de nada hasta que prenden de nuevo las luces y la película ha terminado. Mi vergüenza es terrible, y mis explicaciones se encontraron con las palabras de comprensión y cariño de mi acom-pañante, que se reprochaba que hubiéramos salido y no tomarme el descanso que necesitaba. Yo, ahí dije para mi interior: “Esta es la Mujer de mi Vida” y así ha sido hasta el día de hoy. Muchas cosas más ha tenido ella que soportar por casarse con este médico. (AU)

Interfacial and coexistence properties of soft spheres with a short-range attractive Yukawa fluid: molecular dynamics simulations.

Molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out to obtain the interfacial and coexistence properties of soft-sphere attractive Yukawa (SAY) fluids with short attraction range, κ = 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, and 5. All our simulation results are new. These data are also compared with the recently reported results in the literature of hard-core attractive Yukawa (HAY) fluids. We show that the interfacial and coexistence properties of both potentials are different. For the surveyed systems, here we show that all coexistence curves collapse into a master curve when we rescale with their respective critical points and the surface tension curves form a single master curve when we plot γ* vs. T/T(c).

Doble inervación del músculo braquial en la población chilena / Dual innervation of the brachialis muscle in the Chilean population

La doble inervación del músculo braquial está dada por el nervio musculocutáneo y por ramos provenientes del nervio radial según lo describen algunos textos anatómicos y numerosos trabajos científicos. Sin embargo, no existe consenso en la frecuencia con la que ésta se presenta. El objetivo de este estudio es verificar la presencia y determinar la frecuencia de la contribución del nervio radial en la inervación del músculo braquial. En el presente trabajo se utilizaron 30 miembros superiores previamente fijados con solución fijadora y conservadora. Se realizó disección de la región braquial para determinar la presencia de ramos del nervio radial inervando al músculo braquial, verificando la presencia de ramos que penetraban en el músculo y tomando muestras de estos ramos en el sitio donde perforaban al músculo para su estudio histológico. Fue posible observar la presencia de ramos del nervio radial que penetraban en el músculo braquial en un 90 porciento de los casos; en ellos el punto motor de estos ramos se ubicó siempre en el tercio distal del músculo. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos en el presente trabajo, la doble inervación del músculo braquial observada por autores clásicos y reportada en estudios en diversas poblaciones, está presente en alto porcentaje de la muestra. Estos hallazgos pueden servir de referencia para procedimientos quirúrgicos, estudios electromiográficos y sonográficos.

The dual innervation of the brachialis muscle by the musculocutaneos nerve and branches from the radial nerve has been described by some anatomical texts and several scientific papers; however, there is no consensus about the frequency with which this occurs. In this study we proposed to check the presence and determine the frequency of the contribution of radial nerve in the innervations of the brachialis muscle. In this study we used 30 upper limbs fixed in fixative and conservative solution. Dissection of the brachial region was carried out, checking the branches that penetrated the muscle and taking samples of these branches to histological study. It was possible to observe the presence of branches of the radial nerve innervating the brachialis muscle in a 90 percent of the sample used in this study; the motor point of these branches was always located in the distal third of this muscle. According with the results of this study, the dual innervations of the brachial muscles observed by classical authors and reported by several investigations is also present in a high percentage of the sample. These findings can serve as reference for surgical procedures, electromyographic and ultrasound studies.

Administración hospitalaria y de organizaciones de atención de la salud

Contenido: Sistemas de servicios y organizaciones de la salud pública. Historia de la administración general y sanitaria. Fundamentos de estructura y diseño organizacionales. Gestión de objetivos y poder en la organización. Gestión presupuestaria y gestión de costes en la organización. Gestión jurídico legal en las organizaciones de atención de la salud. Gestión de recursos humanos e incentivos en la organización de la salud. El centro de salud y el hospital en la APS. Gestión de los sistemas de información en la organización de salud. Sistemas de información georreferencial. Medidas de rendimiento institucional. Indicadores y benchmarking. Auditoría médica. Infecciones asociadas al cuidado de salud. El raciocinio epimemiológico en la organización de salud. Gestión por procesos. Planificación y programación sanitarias. Investigación, docencia y bioética en organizaciones de atención de la salud.